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| DNS Lookup | Resolver → root → TLD → auth | No | Low when cached | UDP 53 | Low | Turning a name into an IP |
| The Request Flight | Client → edge → origin | No | Low at the edge | HTTP/2 · HTTP/3 | Low | Delivering the response |
| TLS Handshake | Client ↔ server | No | 1 RTT (TLS 1.3) | TCP (TLS) | Medium | Encrypting the connection |