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| Branch = Pointer | Pointer advances along the chain | On every commit | Instant, updates one small file | .git/refs | Low | Cheap experiments and fast context switches |
| Rebase vs Merge | Rebase: replay onto base · Merge: join two lines | On demand | Both fast; rebase rewrites hashes | Commit graph (DAG) | Medium | Clean linear history vs preserved true history |
| The Three Trees | Working dir → index → HEAD | No, moves only on git add / commit | Instant, all local | .git object store | Low | Understanding staging, resets and checkouts |